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<p><font size="5" color="#008000">C&nbsp; TO&nbsp; THE ^^^^ !!!!!EXTREME 
!!!!!^^^^ For a Complete Guide For A Beginner From Client side program to 
Hardware Programming and what else CGI programming in C++ /Create Awesome&nbsp; 
Apps for your computer and also for the internet !!!!!!!!!!!! </font></p>
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<p><font size="5" color="#008000">&nbsp;</font><font size="5" color="#6600FF">Updated 
Version of&nbsp;&nbsp; my tutorial COMPLETE C Now explains more functions Please 
do Leave me your comments and rating i have written this article as for many 
people starting with c into the programming world is a ++ Advantage Knowing the 
language C can create good programmers But many are unaware of the powerful 
futures of this language My dear friends this language is Awesome Please Try to 
understand this Features and i do expect Pure and Powerful programs in C in 
PLANET SOURCE CODE</font></p>
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<p><font size="6">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</font><font size="4">C The worlds most popular language is still the toppest 
language when it comes to serious programming whether in web based(cgi) or in 
case of stand alone client applications or operating systems only a detailed 
understanding of c will help us to know the reason of the success of this 
language so lets go through it</font><br>
<font color="#800000">The 'C' language was developed at the AT&amp;T Bell Laboratories, USA by Dennis 
Ritchie in 1972 on a DEC PDP-II machine. This language is derived from an another 
language called B developed by Ken Thompson of Bell Laboratories in 1970 which 
is devCGeloped from the language BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) developed 
by Martin Richard of Cambridge University in 1967 which is derived from the language 
CPL (Combined Programming Language) developed by Cambridge University and the 
University of London in 1963 and it is developed from the lan-guage called ALGOL 
(Algorithmic Language) developed by an International Commit-tee in the year 1960.<br>
The 'C' Language was originally developed for programming under UNIX Operating 
system, which was developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. After develop-ing 
'C' almost 90% of UNIX operating system is rewritten in C from assembly lan-guage. 
Therefore UNIX and C have a close relationship.<br>
'C' gives the programmer what he wants, i.e., few restrictions, block structures, 
standard functions, a compact set of keywords and rich set of data structures.<br>
For many years 'C' has no standard. i.e. Every manufacture developed their style 
of 'C' compilers. In 1983 the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) established 
a committee named X3J11 created a standard for the 'C' language. The standard 
includes the character-set, keywords, compiler environment and the function library 
etc.<br>
C is a structured language, which uses the compartmentalization; i.e. A program 
is broken into different modules, each of which is used for a single specific 
task. This is supported in 'C' by the use of functions. Basically a 'C' program 
is a collection of one or more functions.<br>
'C' language also supports the programming structures like sequence, selection 
and iteration/looping. However the goto statements are not encouraged in structured 
programming, 'C' supports it too.<br>
Even though 'C' is a high level language it is often called a middle-level language 
because it combines the elements of high level language, like structured program-ming, 
modular programming etc. with the functionalism of the assembly language like 
direct manipulation of bits, bytes, memory addressees with the help of pointers.<br>
'C' is a flexible, general-purpose language. i.e. The capability of manipulating 
bits, bytes, memory address makes it well suited for systems programming and the 
high-level components makes it suitable for application packages. 'C' is used 
for writing operating systems like UNIX and MS-DOS and the compilers and interpreters 
for BASIC, FORTRAN, Pascal, LISP, LOGO etc. Popular application packages like 
dBase, Lotus 1-2-3 and CLIPPER are also written in 'C'.<br>
'C' language is machine independent and it is a highly portable language. Portable 
means that 'C' programs written for one computer/operating system can be run on 
another with little or no modification. All high-level languages are portable. 
'C' is considered to be highly portable because the machine dependent parts in 
'C' com-pilers are written in 'C'.<br>
Turbo C compiler is an integrated package. It includes an editor, compiler, linker 
and loader. Every 'C' program file is identified using the &#8216;.C&#8217; extension. 
The source code written using the editor is first passed through the C pre-processor. 
The pre-processor is a program that modifies the source code according to directives 
sup-plied in the program. The Pre-processor Directives begin with the # symbol. 
They must start in the first column and they are usually placed at the beginning 
of a pro-gram. The pre-processor expands the directives and it&#8217;s output, 
the expanded source code is fed to the 'C' compiler. The compiler translates the 
source code into the assembly language. The system assembler produces the object 
code (.obj). This object code has to be linked with support routines from the 
'C' run-time library to obtain the final executable code (.exe). The systems loader 
can run the executable code.<br>
'C' Language has no input/output operations. The compiler compiles a language 
of functions, all input and output is done with functions. Because of this feature, 
a standard library gives 'C' its most endearing feature is portability.<br>
Every function must be defined before it can be used in the program. Every function 
definition has two parts, a function header and a body that follows it. The header 
defines the function&#8217;s name and the arguments. The headers of the library 
functions are stored in header files with extension .h. So these must be included 
before the library functions are used in a 'C' program.<br>
Using the Turbo C Compiler<br>
Type tc at the DOS prompt and press ENTER key. The Turbo C integrated environ-ment 
displays on the screen. You can use the menu options like save, open, create a 
new file etc. from the main menu strip which is at the top most line of the screen.<br>
After typing the program you can save it by pressing the F2 key or File?Save com-mand. 
If necessary give the filename. To execute the program press Ctrl+F9 key combination. 
The progress window on the screen will show each phase in the crea-tion of the 
executable file. If there are no errors, the screen will be cleared and the program 
will start running. After the program is executed, you will get back to the Turbo 
C environment automatically. You can view the user screen by pressing the Alt+F5 
key combination. To return to the Turbo C environment strike any key.<br>
If there are any errors in the program, the messages along with the line numbers 
will be displayed in a separate message window at the bottom of the screen. Pressing 
the F6 key can make corrections, which place the cursor in the Edit window. After 
making corrections save it again and run. <br>
You can activate the main menu by pressing the F10 key and then use the arrow 
keys. You can quit the Turbo C integrated environment by pressing Alt+X key com-bination.<br>
Programming Conventions <br>
&#8216;C&#8217; is a freestyle language i.e., no restriction on program writing. 
Statements can start and end at any column. You can include spaces, tabs and blank 
lines in a program to improve readability.<br>
A &#8216;C&#8217; statement is called an expression statement, which is terminated 
by a semico-lon. They are not restricted to one line, can extend to many lines 
and multiple state-ments separated by semicolons can be written in a single line. 
&#8216;C&#8217; is a case-sensitive language. The programs are written in lower 
case, with some words capitalised.<br>
&#8216;C&#8217; language implements the concept of structured programming through 
code blocks. A code block is a logically connected group of program statements 
that is treated as a unit. A code block is created by placing the sequence of 
statements between curly brackets ({and}) called braces.<br>
A &#8216;C&#8217; program consists of one or more functions and one of they must 
be called main(). The main() is the first function executed in the program, but 
not necessarily the first function. The statements of a function are enclosed 
in a code block may contain additional nested blocks and each block keeps their 
variables as local.<br>
Header files with extension .h can be included using the include statement.<br>
e.g.:- # include &lt;stdio.h&gt; </font></p>
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